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At the 2021 small Metal Industry Summit hosted by (SMM) of SMM Information & Technology Co., Ltd., Tan Fatang, Associate Professor of School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, introduced the research on the extraction and recovery of germanium from secondary resources containing germanium. Tan Fatang pointed out that although China's reserves are second to those of the United States, China is the country with the largest output of germanium, especially after 2008, China's germanium production surged to 100 tons, accounting for about 72% of the global germanium supply. It can be said that the output of germanium in China affects the total supply of germanium in the world.
Background and significance
Germanium is chemically stable, does not interact with air at room temperature, and is easy to store. Germanium has good semiconductor properties. Like most metals, germanium can be recycled.
Global germanium reserves and distribution
Germanium resources in the world are relatively poor, and the world's proven germanium reserves are only 8600 tons.
The country with the largest germanium reserves is the United States, with reserves of about 3870 tons, accounting for 45 percent of the world's total.
China's germanium reserves are about 3500 tons, accounting for 41 per cent of the world's germanium reserves.
The United States and China together account for 86% of the world's reserves.
Reserves and distribution in China
There are about 35 germanium mineral deposits in China, with reserves of about 3500 tons and prospective reserves of about 9600 tons.
Germanium-bearing mineral resources are mainly distributed in Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Guangdong, Guangxi and Guizhou.
Yunnan is the province with the largest proven germanium metal reserves in China. Except for the germanium metal resources associated with lignite, Yunnan accounts for about 32% of the country's proven resources reserves, ranking first in the country.
Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, is known as the germanium capital of China.
Although the United States has the largest germanium reserves in the world, because it is mainly associated with lead and zinc, the output of germanium is limited by the production of lead and zinc. In recent years, the annual output of germanium in the United States has stabilized at about 4.6 tons, accounting for only 3% of the global output.
Although China's reserves are second to those of the United States, China is the country with the largest output of germanium, especially since 2008, China's germanium production has surged to 100 tons, accounting for about 72% of the global germanium supply. It can be said that the output of germanium in China affects the total supply of germanium in the world.
Typical germanium extraction and recovery technology
Main influencing factors of germanium extraction and recovery
The influencing factors of reduction volatilization process:
i. Particle size of germanium slag and pulverized coal; contact area with reducing atmosphere; II. Atmosphere control (reducing atmosphere, vacuum); III. Roasting and reduction temperature, the interaction between IV.SiO2 and GeO2.
The influencing factors of fire enrichment and chlorination distillation process are as follows:
i. Particle size of germanium slag and pulverized coal; II. Roasting temperature 700C-1200 ℃; III. Roasting method; IV. Roasting time.
Acid leaching process of zinc replacement residue:
i. Particle size of zinc replacement slag; II. Acid concentration, type, oxygen pressure, etc., of oxygen pressure acid leaching; III. The influence of system SiO2; IV. Iron ion masking agents (); V., such as tartaric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, etc.) The dosage and concentration of precipitant tannin and the pH value of the solution.
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